As pointed out by Hinton (ACM Turing Award Laureate) and Nowlan, "The main limitation of the Baldwin effect is that it is only effective in spaces that would be hard to search without an adaptive process to restrcuture the space".
- Ackley, D. and Littman, M., 1991. Interactions between learning and evolution. Artificial Life, 10, pp.487-509. [ ppt ]
- Hinton, G.E. and Nowlan, S.J., 1987. How learning can guide evolution. Complex Systems, 1(3), pp.495-502.
- Baldwin, J.M., 1896. A new factor in evolution. American Naturalist, 30(355), pp.536-553.