perf: improve performance of nested cache store #14444

yihuang · 2022-12-29T15:15:20Z

Description

Solution:

Unify cachekv's cache content with single tidwall/btree.
Use the copy-on-write supported of tidwall/btree to implement cheap Clone/Restore methods in cache store.
Add RunAtomic method in Context to provide more efficient store branching out,
it don't notifies the tracing module because it don't have the Write process as before.
API breaking: Context always hold a CacheMultiStore instead of MultiStore.
Refactor runTx and other module logics to use new RunAtomic method instead of CacheContext.

Benchmarks

Compare go test -run=^$ -bench=. -benchmem ./store/cachekv/... -count=5 between 1bbf3b5 and benchmark ref(backport benchmark changes to main branch):

name                                 old time/op    new time/op    delta
DeepCacheStack1-12                     5.67µs ± 1%    4.53µs ± 1%   -20.17%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)
DeepCacheStack3-12                     8.00µs ± 1%    4.51µs ± 1%   -43.60%  (p=0.016 n=5+4)
DeepCacheStack10-12                    29.1µs ± 1%     4.5µs ± 1%   -84.46%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)
DeepCacheStack13-12                    48.2µs ± 1%     4.5µs ± 2%   -90.59%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)
BlankParentIteratorNextKeySize32-12    1.04µs ± 3%    0.05µs ± 2%   -94.90%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)
BlankParentAppendKeySize32-12           729ns ±13%     380ns ± 1%   -47.91%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)
SetKeySize32-12                        1.42µs ±50%    1.46µs ± 5%      ~     (p=1.000 n=5+5)
IteratorOnParentWith1MDeletes-12        1.16s ± 4%     0.00s ± 1%  -100.00%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)
CacheKVStoreGetNoKeyFound-12            708ns ± 2%     678ns ± 1%    -4.26%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)
CacheKVStoreGetKeyFound-12              176ns ±11%     336ns ± 3%   +90.47%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)
CacheKVStoreSetAndCommit-12            9.69µs ± 0%    6.12µs ± 2%   -36.85%  (p=0.016 n=4+5)

name                                 old alloc/op   new alloc/op   delta
DeepCacheStack1-12                     2.10kB ± 0%    1.74kB ± 0%   -17.18%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)
DeepCacheStack3-12                     2.83kB ± 0%    1.74kB ± 0%   -38.70%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)
DeepCacheStack10-12                    5.41kB ± 0%    1.74kB ± 0%   -67.90%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)
DeepCacheStack13-12                    6.51kB ± 0%    1.74kB ± 0%   -73.34%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)
BlankParentIteratorNextKeySize32-12      205B ± 0%        0B       -100.00%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)
BlankParentAppendKeySize32-12            238B ±16%      112B ± 0%   -52.94%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)
SetKeySize32-12                          327B ±19%      164B ± 0%   -49.76%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)
IteratorOnParentWith1MDeletes-12        253MB ± 0%       0MB           ~     (p=0.079 n=4+5)
CacheKVStoreGetNoKeyFound-12             283B ± 1%      163B ± 0%   -42.32%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)
CacheKVStoreGetKeyFound-12              3.00B ± 0%     3.00B ± 0%      ~     (all equal)
CacheKVStoreSetAndCommit-12            4.83kB ± 0%    3.02kB ± 0%   -37.54%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)

name                                 old allocs/op  new allocs/op  delta
DeepCacheStack1-12                       19.0 ± 0%      12.0 ± 0%   -36.84%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)
DeepCacheStack3-12                       31.0 ± 0%      12.0 ± 0%   -61.29%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)
DeepCacheStack10-12                      73.0 ± 0%      12.0 ± 0%   -83.56%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)
DeepCacheStack13-12                      91.0 ± 0%      12.0 ± 0%   -86.81%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)
BlankParentIteratorNextKeySize32-12      2.00 ± 0%      0.00       -100.00%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)
BlankParentAppendKeySize32-12            1.00 ± 0%      0.00       -100.00%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)
SetKeySize32-12                          1.40 ±43%      0.00       -100.00%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)
IteratorOnParentWith1MDeletes-12        3.07M ± 0%     0.00M           ~     (p=0.079 n=4+5)
CacheKVStoreGetNoKeyFound-12             4.00 ± 0%      2.00 ± 0%   -50.00%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)
CacheKVStoreGetKeyFound-12               1.00 ± 0%      1.00 ± 0%      ~     (all equal)
CacheKVStoreSetAndCommit-12              97.0 ± 0%      45.0 ± 0%   -53.61%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)

Benchmark result looks pretty good, it's a huge win on nested cases and iterator cases, it's even much faster in the SetAndCommit case which combines several Set operations and cache.Write together. CacheKVStoreGetKeyFound is the major slowdown case.

Author Checklist

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confirmed the correct type prefix in the PR title
confirmed ! in the type prefix if API or client breaking change
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reviewed tests and test coverage
manually tested (if applicable)

store/cachemulti/store.go

+	for key, store := range cms.stores {
+		stores[key] = store.Clone()
+	}


x/group/keeper/msg_server.go

x/gov/abci.go

+			err := ctx.RunAtomic(func(cacheCtx sdk.Context) error {
+				messages, err := proposal.GetMsgs()
+				if err == nil {
+					for idx, msg = range messages {
+						handler := keeper.Router().Handler(msg)
+
+						var res *sdk.Result
+						res, err = handler(cacheCtx, msg)
+						if err != nil {
+							break
+						}
+
+						events = append(events, res.GetEvents()...)
 					}
-
-					events = append(events, res.GetEvents()...)
 				}
-			}
+				return err
+			})


x/gov/abci.go

-					if err != nil {
-						break
+			err := ctx.RunAtomic(func(cacheCtx sdk.Context) error {
+				messages, err := proposal.GetMsgs()


x/gov/abci.go

+				messages, err := proposal.GetMsgs()
+				if err == nil {
+					for idx, msg = range messages {
+						handler := keeper.Router().Handler(msg)


x/gov/abci.go

+				messages, err := proposal.GetMsgs()
+				if err == nil {
+					for idx, msg = range messages {
+						handler := keeper.Router().Handler(msg)


store/cachemulti/store.go

+	for key, store := range cms.stores {
+		stores[key] = store.Clone()
+	}


store/cachemulti/store.go

alexanderbez · 2022-12-29T16:02:34Z

@yihuang please ensure CI is green across the board, perhaps consider leaving this in draft mode until it is?

We can discuss and review this PR collectively in the WG too :)

x/group/keeper/msg_server.go

+		_ = ctx.RunAtomic(func(cacheCtx sdk.Context) error {
+			results, err := k.doExecuteMsgs(cacheCtx, k.router, proposal, addr, decisionPolicy)
+			if err != nil {
+				proposal.ExecutorResult = group.PROPOSAL_EXECUTOR_RESULT_FAILURE
+				logs = fmt.Sprintf("proposal execution failed on proposal %d, because of error %s", id, err.Error())
+				k.Logger(ctx).Info("proposal execution failed", "cause", err, "proposalID", id)
+				return err
+			}
+
+			proposal.ExecutorResult = group.PROPOSAL_EXECUTOR_RESULT_SUCCESS
 			for _, res := range results {
 				// NOTE: The sdk msg handler creates a new EventManager, so events must be correctly propagated back to the current context
 				ctx.EventManager().EmitEvents(res.GetEvents())
 			}
-		}
+
+			return nil
+		})


baseapp/baseapp.go

store/cachekv/benchmark_test.go

Closes: cosmos#14377 Solution: - Unify cachekv's cache content with single tidwall/btree. - Use the copy-on-write supported of tidwall/btree to implement cheap `Clone`/`Restore` methods in cache store. - Add `RunAtomic` method in Context to provide more efficient store branching out, it don't notifies the tracing module because it don't have the `Write` process as before. - API breaking: Context always hold a `CacheMultiStore` instead of `MultiStore`. - Refactor runTx and other module logics to use new `RunAtomic` method instead of `CacheContext`.

yihuang · 2023-01-20T04:11:01Z

@08d2 I removed the CloneMultiStore() method, and the changes related to it, they'll keep use existing CacheContext, only keep the RunAtomic, appreciate the review suggestions. Let's discuss later should we replace all the use cases of CacheContext and deprecate it completely.

08d2 · 2023-01-20T04:33:18Z

baseapp/baseapp.go

@@ -740,15 +716,15 @@ func (app *BaseApp) runTx(mode runTxMode, txBytes []byte) (gInfo sdk.GasInfo, re
 		if mode == runTxModeDeliver {
 			// When block gas exceeds, it'll panic and won't commit the cached store.
 			consumeBlockGas()
-
-			msCache.Write()


When is this write called now?

Part of RunAtomic, RunAtomic will commit when success, discard when fail.

RunAtomic itself doesn't call Write, as far as I can see?

RunAtomic itself doesn't call Write, as far as I can see?

The semantic of commit is implemented in RunAtomic directly, there's no write method with this API.

I don't understand what you mean. runTx must call msCache.Write, at some point, if mode == runTxModeDeliver. I see that the Write call here is deleted, but I don't see where another Write call is made. Where does that Write happen, now?

I don't understand what you mean. runTx must call msCache.Write, at some point, if mode == runTxModeDeliver. I see that the Write call here is deleted, but I don't see where another Write call is made. Where does that Write happen, now?

msCache is gone as well :)

I understand, that's fine, but it doesn't address my point. My point is that runTx operates on a fork of app state, and (assuming mode == runTxModeDeliver) that state must be committed if the runTx operation succeeds, and must be discarded if the runTx operation fails. Where is that logic now?

store/cachemulti/store.go

+	for key, store := range cms.stores {
+		otherStore, ok := ms.stores[key]
+		if !ok {
+			panic("Invariant violation: Restore should only be called on a store cloned from itself")
+		}
+		store.Restore(otherStore)
+	}


08d2 · 2023-01-20T04:59:43Z

types/context.go

+	cacheCtx := c.WithCacheMultiStore(c.cms.Clone()).WithEventManager(NewEventManager())
+	if err := fn(cacheCtx); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	c.cms.Restore(cacheCtx.cms)
+	c.EventManager().EmitEvents(cacheCtx.EventManager().Events())
+	return nil


This isn't safe: it's possible for another caller to interact with the context's cms between the fn call and the Restore call in this method, and in that case the mutations of that caller would be overwritten and lost. Equivalently, it's possible for another caller to write to the context's cms after this method calls Restore but before it returns, which would overwrite and lose the mutations of the RunAtomic caller. So this basically doesn't work.

Consensus state machine runs sequentially, that's the implicit assumption here.
Queries runs concurrently with each other, but each query itself runs sequentially, and each query will have it's own branched out cache store at the beginning of the life cycle.
So basically the cache store is not access concurrently at all inside the SDK, the mutex is mainly to keep it backward compatible, some third-party use the cache store in a concurrent way.

A context is not guaranteed to be used exclusively in a single-threaded manner by the consensus state machine, right? A context can absolutely be accessed by concurrent callers.

A context is not guaranteed to be used exclusively in a single-threaded manner by the consensus state machine, right? A context can absolutely be accessed by concurrent callers.

I think that's the case in current sdk and our chain, but I can't speak for the other chains though.

It doesn't matter how a package happens to be used by consumers right now, what matters is how the package can possibly be used by any consumer in the future. If a package has a Foo method that takes an int, and all current consumers happen to call Foo with a value of 0, that doesn't mean that Foo can assume it will be called with a value of 0, it has to deal with any valid int. Similarly just because a context happens to be called in a single threaded way by the chains you care about, that doesn't mean that the context can assume that it will always be called in a single threaded way by all consumers.

The caller can decide if his case is concurrent or not, the callback work on a branched out ctx, it's ok for the callback to do concurrency inside. So for example, it's safe to call this function in runTx, while it's ok for the message handler to do concurrency inside, does that make sense?

@yihuang is right -- there isn't the capability to do this in the SDK. We are planning on it and when we do, this will be taken into account.

the callback work on a branched out ctx

That branched context is the result of calling c.cms.Clone, but if the "atomic" transaction succeeds, you then call c.cms.Restore, which mutates the original c.cms value. And because c.cms is an interface, and therefore has reference semantics, the Restore call can happen concurrently with any other operation on that cms value. But CacheMultiStore doesn't say that its implementations need to be safe for concurrent use. So any other goroutine with a context that has the same CacheMultiStore can potentially do a read while that Restore is doing a write. That's a data race, and as long as the CacheMultiStore is not documented as being safe for concurrent use, preventing that data race is the responsibility of the context and its methods.

it's ok for the callback to do concurrency inside

As the type exists today, no, it actually isn't.

The CacheMultiStore type doesn't document that it is safe for concurrent use. That means that any code which uses a CacheMultiStore, and can be called concurrently, must serialize access to those stores.

An SDK context's methods can be called concurrently. This isn't a point of debate: the context type is exported, and its methods are part of the SDK's public API. That means callers can call its types and methods however they like. If the context type were documented to make it clear that it isn't safe for concurrent use, that would be a different story, of course. But that documentation doesn't exist, and so that assumption can't be assumed.

there isn't the capability to do this in the SDK. We are planning on it and when we do, this will be taken into account

The SDK absolutely provides this capability, simply due to the fact that the context type is exported and usable by downstream consumers. If the SDK relies on an assumption that context methods will not be called concurrently, that assumption must be documented.

AFAIK, sdk has rarely made it clear in doc if a method is thread-safe or not, our assumption has always been defaulting to unsafe when unclear.
RunAtomic is not thread-safe when calling on the same ctx, no doubt about that, so the issue is improving the doc to make that clearer, or do you think we shouldn't put it as a context method?
Also a naming suggestion to it is welcome, I don't know if "atomic" is the best word for it, what I try to say is the state changes made by the callback are either all committed or all discarded.

store/cachemulti/store.go

+	for key, store := range cms.stores {
+		otherStore, ok := ms.stores[key]
+		if !ok {
+			panic("Invariant violation: Restore should only be called on a store cloned from itself")
+		}
+		store.Restore(otherStore)
+	}


08d2 · 2023-01-20T05:24:16Z

store/cachekv/store.go

+// Restore restores the store cache to a given snapshot.
+func (store *Store) Restore(s types.CacheKVStore) {
+	cache := s.(*Store).swapCache()
+
+	store.mtx.Lock()
+	defer store.mtx.Unlock()
+
+	store.cache = cache
+}


This now means that calling a.Restore(b) invalidates/clears the state of b. That's surprising, potentially breaks existing code, and isn't part of the documentation of the Restore method! 😬

Yeah, I can make it clearer in the documentation later, that's most common use case that the snapshot is not reused anymore, to reuse it user can do a clone explicitly.

I don't think it's reasonable for a method called Restore to destroy the state of its parameter as a side effect. But, whatever.

08d2 · 2023-01-20T05:34:29Z

store/cachekv/store_test.go

+		store := cachekv.NewStore(mem)
+		store1 := store.Clone()
+		for j := 0; j < 10; j++ {
+			store1.Set(sdk.Uint64ToBigEndian(uint64(i+j)), []byte{byte(i)})
+		}
+		store.Restore(store1)
+		store.Write()


This benchmark allocates a new store, clones that store, sets a few values in the clone, restores the initial store from the clone, and the persists the initial store to an underlying persistence layer, with each iteration of b.N. That's an enormous amount of work which is dominated by allocations. You're not getting any meaningful information out of this benchmark.

Just simulate a common path on real world case, two layers of cache store, a bunch of writes, and commit

That's fine, but if you do that work as part of a benchmark, the benchmark isn't providing any useful information, because that "common path on real world case" is dominated by external factors unrelated to the code in the package.

It shows this code path get faster or slower, if it can be reproduced stablely, it must be because of the new code changes in this repo.

It does not show that, not really, no. The benchmark is measuring allocation performance, whatever changes are made to the code in the package are super tiny in comparison to the other work happening.

Do you mean allocation speed can increase 36% stablely and magically for reasons unrelated to the code changes?

I believe this benchmark is showing the performance of a common pattern used in the SDK, which is pretty useful, even if it is influenced heavily by external factors in a production environment, having insight into this is still useful.

This is pretty simple, the code in the b.N loop is allocating a new store, cloning it, and then calling restore, in each iteration. The overhead of those things dominate whatever you're trying to measure here.

tac0turtle · 2023-01-27T07:55:42Z

Been thinking about this pr. i forgot who, but someone mentioned how its api breaking in a decently sized manner and if we want to push this breakage onto users now when we may push another store breaking change on them in 2-4 months. Would like to hear from others if we think this is fine or we should aim for a single api break change instead of two with in a 2-4 month time period

yihuang · 2023-01-27T08:08:03Z

we may push another store breaking change on them in 2-4 months

do you mean a bigger refactoring of cache store?

alexanderbez · 2023-01-28T01:05:40Z

we may push another store breaking change on them in 2-4 months

do you mean a bigger refactoring of cache store?

Yeah might be best to hold off until we have a more clear picture

tac0turtle · 2023-02-19T00:53:24Z

Hey, sorry for the long delay. Lets close this pr for now, and then talk about it in the next storage working group call. With the adr being open for storage, id hate to break the api on users twice instead of once. Sorry again for the long delay.

yihuang requested a review from a team as a code owner December 29, 2022 15:15

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adr: draft ADR for stateful precompiled contracts evmos/ethermint#1131

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Proposal for a CacheKV v2 store #14990

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feat: support stateful precompiled contracts evmos/ethermint#1650

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Problem: overhead of nested cache stores berachain/polaris#420

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perf: improve performance of nested cache store #14444

perf: improve performance of nested cache store #14444

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yihuang commented Dec 29, 2022 • edited Loading

Description

Benchmarks

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